Foreshadowings of the Eucharist in the Old Testament
1. The Tree of Life
And out of the ground the Lord God made to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. (Genesis 2:9)
In the Garden of Eden, the Tree of Life is an image of the Cross, and the fruit it produces is an image of the Eucharist. God intends for Adam and Eve to be united to him forever, but sin and death enter the world when they eat the forbidden fruit. Jesus transforms the Cross into the new Tree of Life by his sacrifice. In the Eucharist, we are restored to eternal life by eating the fruit of that sacrifice, his body and blood.
2. Abel’s Blood
Cain said to Abel his brother, “Let us go out to the field.” And when they were in the field, Cain rose up against his brother Abel, and killed him. Then the Lord said to Cain, “Where is Abel your brother?” He said, “I do not know; am I my brother’s keeper?” And the Lord said, “What have you done? The voice of your brother’s blood is crying to me from the ground. And now you are cursed from the ground, which has opened its mouth to receive your brother’s blood from your hand. (Genesis 4:8-11)
In Genesis 4:10, Abel’s blood cries out from the ground after Cain murders him. The Letter to the Hebrews explains that as Christians we bring our worship “to Jesus the mediator of a new covenant, and to the sprinkled blood that speaks a better word than the blood of Abel.” (12:24) What is that better word? Abel's blood was a testament to the brokenness of human nature and an accusation against Cain for his sin. Jesus' blood, the same blood we consume in the Eucharist, is a testament to the forgiveness of sins.
3. Melchizedek
When Abram returned from his defeat of Chedorlaomer and the kings who were allied with him… Melchizedek, king of Salem, brought out bread and wine. He was a priest of God Most High. He blessed Abram with these words: “Blessed be Abram by God Most High, the creator of heaven and earth; And blessed be God Most High, who delivered your foes into your hand.” (Genesis 14:17-20)
The high priest and king Melchizedek blesses bread and wine to honor Abram in Genesis 14. Jesus, the Eternal High Priest and King, blesses bread and wine for his disciples at the Last Supper. Saint Cyprian of Carthage says that Melchizedek’s sacrificial offering to Abaraham is a foreshadowing of the sacrificial offering Jesus makes to God the Father. Cyprian explains, Jesus “made the very same offering as Melchizedek had offered, by bread and wine, [but with] his own Body and Blood.” (Epistle 62)
4. The Nile Turns Red
This, then, is what Moses and Aaron did, exactly as the Lord had commanded. Aaron raised his staff and struck the waters in the Nile in full view of Pharaoh and his servants, and all the water in the Nile was changed into blood. (Exodus 7:20)
Moses directs Aaron to strike the Nile River of Egypt with his staff, because this is what God commanded. Aaron does it, and the Nile turns the waters into blood by God’s power. This is the first warning God gives Egypt. Jesus’ first public miracle was turning water into wine at a wedding in Cana. Now, he transforms wine into blood in the Eucharist at each and every Mass.
5. The First Passover
Moses summoned all the elders of Israel and said to them, “Go and procure lambs for your families, and slaughter the Passover victims. Then take a bunch of hyssop, and dipping it in the blood that is in the basin, apply some of this blood to the lintel and the two doorposts. And none of you shall go outdoors until morning. For when the Lord goes by to strike down the Egyptians, seeing the blood on the lintel and the two doorposts, the Lord will pass over that door and not let the destroyer come into your houses to strike you down. (Exodus 12: 21-23)
During the first Passover, God commanded the Israelites to sacrifice an unblemished lamb, eat its flesh, and spread its blood on their doorposts to be saved from the Angel of Death. This event marks a foundational moment in Jewish history, symbolizing freedom, redemption, and the birth of the Israelite nation under God's guidance. The Passover became the central memorial of Jewish life, and through rituals like the Seder meal, the Jewish people still honor the Passover each year.
Jesus is the new Passover Lamb, unblemished by sin, and it is his sacrifice and his Blood that open the door to heaven for us. The Last Supper is the fulfillment of the Passover, in which he takes the bread and wine of the Seder meal and transforms it into his own Body and Blood so that we may have eternal life.
6. The Manna in the Desert
The Israelites said to them, “If only we had died at the Lord’s hand in the land of Egypt, as we sat by our kettles of meat and ate our fill of bread! But you have led us into this wilderness to make this whole assembly die of famine!” Then the Lord said to Moses: “I am going to rain down bread from heaven for you. Each day the people are to go out and gather their daily portion.” (Exodus 16:3-4)
Moses and the Israelites were sustained in the desert by manna sent down from heaven. Jesus says, “I am the living bread that came down from heaven; whoever eats this bread will live forever.” (John 6:51) Now, we too eat manna from Heaven during our wanderings on this earth before entering the ultimate promised land in the next life. The Eucharist is this manna from Heaven. The Eucharist is nourishment for the soul, spiritual food for the journey, that connects us to Heaven (CCC 1402–1405).
7. The Sprinkling of Blood
Taking the book of the covenant, he read it aloud to the people, who answered, “All that the Lord has said, we will hear and do.” Then he took the blood and splashed it on the people, saying, “This is the blood of the covenant which the Lord has made with you according to all these words.” (Exodus 24:7-8)
Having received the God’s Law, Moses sprinkles sacrificial blood on the Israelites in remembrance of God saving them from slavery and death. At the Last Supper, Jesus declares over the cup of wine, “This is My Blood of the new Covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins.” (Matthew 26:28)
8. The Ark of the Covenant
“And you shall make a table of acacia wood; two cubits shall be its length, a cubit its breadth, and a cubit and a half its height… And you shall set the bread of the Presence on the table before me always.” (Exodus 25:23-30)
In Exodus 25, God commands Moses to construct a table to be placed before the Ark of the Covenant on which to set “the Bread of the Presence.” Four times a year, on the holiest days of the Jewish calendar, a priest would bring out the table and show the people the bread as the very face of God. At every Mass, the priest holds up the Eucharistic bread and announces, “Behold the Lamb of God.”
9. Elisha’s Miracle of the Loaves
A man came from Baal-shalishah, bringing food from the first fruits to the man of God: twenty loaves of barley and fresh ears of grain in his sack. Elisha said, “Give it to the people and let them eat.” But his servant said, “How can I set this before a hundred people?”… He set it before them, they ate, and had some left, according to the word of the Lord. (2 Kings 4:42-44)
With just twenty loaves of barley and fresh ears of grain, Elisha fed a crowd of one hundred and there was some left over. With just five barely loaves and two fish, Jesus fed a crowd of 5,000 and there was plenty left over. With the Eucharist, Jesus feeds the entire world, and it never runs out.
10. David Sings of the Lord’s Table
Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of my enemies; thou anointest my head with oil, my cup overflows. Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life; and I shall dwell in the house of the Lord for ever. (Psalm 23)
David praises God for the table he prepares before him, giving him the strength to overcome his enemies. Now, God prepares the table of the altar and feeds us with himself in the Eucharist. He gives us the strength we need to overcome temptation, resist sin, and walk toward his house in Heaven.
11. Isaiah’s Cleansing
And I said: “Woe is me! I am lost, for I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips; yet my eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts!” Then one of the seraphs flew to me, holding a live coal that had been taken from the altar with a pair of tongs. The seraph touched my mouth with it and said: “Now that this has touched your lips, your guilt has departed and your sin is blotted out.” (Isaiah 6:5-7)
In Isaiah 6, the prophet Isaiah has a vision of an angel taking a hot coal from the altar in heaven and touching the round object to his tongue, cleansing him of sin. The Eucharist, in the form of a round host, cleanses us of venial sin and fortifies us against mortal sin.
12. Isaiah’s Prophecy of Everlasting Life
On this mountain the Lord of hosts will make for all peoples a feast, a feast of rich food, a feast of well-aged wines…He will swallow up death forever, and the Lord God will wipe away tears from all faces, and the reproach of his people he will take away from all the earth; for the Lord has spoken. (Isaiah 25:6-8)
Isaiah 25:6-8 proclaims that God will save his people and free them from oppression by bringing them to a great feast and swallowing up death forever. Jesus offers us this feast in the Eucharist, which frees all of us from the oppression of sin, swallows up death, and brings us to the heavenly banquet.
13. The House of Bread
But you, O Bethlehem of Ephrathah, who are one of the little clans of Judah, from you shall come forth for me one who is to rule in Israel, whose origin is from of old, from ancient days. And he shall stand and feed his flock in the strength of the Lord, in the majesty of the name of the Lord his God. And they shall live secure, for now he shall be great to the ends of the earth; and he shall be the one of peace. (Micah 5:2-5)
In Micah 5, the prophet proclaims that the Messiah will be born in the city of Bethlehem. The name Bethlehem means “House of Bread.” Jesus not only humbled himself to be born as a baby in Bethlehem, but was placed in a feeding trough as his manger. Even from his birth, he occupies a space that is meant for food because he is the bread that will feed the world. He humbles himself for all eternity now by taking the form of bread in the Eucharist.
14. Tasting the Word of God
He said to me, “O mortal, eat what is offered to you; eat this scroll, and go, speak to the house of Israel.” So I opened my mouth, and he gave me the scroll to eat. He said to me, “Mortal, eat this scroll that I give you and fill your stomach with it.” Then I ate it; and in my mouth it was as sweet as honey. (Ezekiel 3:1-3)
In Ezekiel 3, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision of the hand of the Lord feeding him a heavenly scroll which tastes like honey in his mouth. In the Eucharist we consume Jesus, the Word of God incarnate.
15. The Todah Meal
And this is the law of the sacrifice of peace offerings that one may offer to the Lord. If he offers it for a thanksgiving, then he shall offer with the thanksgiving sacrifice unleavened loaves… And from it he shall offer one loaf from each offering, as a gift to the Lord. It shall belong to the priest who throws the blood of the peace offerings. And the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanksgiving shall be eaten on the day of his offering. (Leviticus 7:11-15)
The todah meal in ancient Jewish tradition was a peace-offering given when someone wanted to give thanks to God. It included a lamb, bread and wine and was accompanied by prayers and songs of thanksgiving. The word “Eucharist” means “thanksgiving.” At Mass, we praise and thank Jesus for saving us from the soul-destroying effects of sin.